Worshipers and Dharmachakra, Sanchi Stupa, South Face, West Pillar. Such a wheel is also the main attribute of Vishnu. As a solar symbol it first appears on clay seals of the Indus Valley civilization from 2500 BCE. Notably, it is present in a sequence of ten signs on the Dholavira Signboard. Madhavan and Parpola note that a wheel symbol appears frequently in Indus Valley civilization artifacts, particularly on several seals.

Similar wheel/chakra symbols are one of the most ancient in all South Asian history. It is derived from the Vedic Sanskrit n-stem dharman- with the meaning 'bearer, supporter' in the historical Vedic religion conceived of as an aspect of Ṛta. The Sanskrit noun dharma ( धर्म ) is a derivation from the root dhṛ 'to hold, maintain, keep', and means 'what is established or firm' and hence 'law'. 3.3 National flags and official symbolism.3.1 Historical and archeological examples.Optimization opportunities are rapidly revealed: Consistently using green power for producing batteries significantly reduces the environmental impact. Therefore, it’s worth taking a closer look at this component and comparing it to other models. The life cycle assessment helps to quickly identify hot spots during the manufacturing process: The battery system generates 40 percent of CO 2 emissions. CO 2-emissions will be consistently avoided or reduced from the beginning on, compensation for currently unavoidable emissions will additionally occur by means of climate protection projects. Production of the vehicles will commence in 2019, thus marking the first time that brand will place an entirely CO 2-neutral car on the roads. It is also exciting to glance at the environmental balance of the new Volkswagen ID. What happens with the findings that Volkswagen obtains from the life cycle assessment? “Once we know where the manufacturing hot spots are, then we are able to act and identify where the priorities are,” explains Gernuks. Of course, recycling is also an important topic, for example the secondary usage of batteries or the processing and further use of valuable materials.

The use phase is subdivided into fuel/electricity supply and vehicle emissions. The production has three sub-categories for which data is gathered: raw material extraction, component and vehicle production.

“We are not only thinking about the production and the use phase, but also the raw materials, precursors and suppliers, as well as the recycling,” explains Marko Gernuks, Head of Life Cycle Optimization.įrom the well to the wheel: The life of a car is divided into three phases for the analysis.

This is an ISO-standardized, systematic analysis of the environmental impact of the product throughout the entire life cycle. Moreover, experts refer to the carbon footprint, environmental balance or life cycle assessment (LCA). Thinking holistically is imperative! And that means from vehicle development up to the required raw materials, from logistics to production, from the first kilometer to the last on the road, from deregistration to recycling. Decarbonization (see the box) is the key word behind the sustainability strategy. This especially applies at Volkswagen, which is pursuing the goal of becoming CO 2-neutral. Of course, it does make sense to look at fuel consumption, but that is only one side of the coin. Those who wish to travel in an environmentally-friendly manner require a car with low fuel consumption, correct? Yes, but it’s not quite that simple.

Japanese wheel of life